Nutrition in Animal.

 Nutrition in Animals

Definition: Nutrition is the process by which animals take in and use food to sustain their growth and development.

Types of Nutrition: There are different types of nutrition in animals, including holozoic nutrition, parasitic nutrition, and saprophytic nutrition.

Process of Nutrition

The process of nutrition in animals involves five stages: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

Ingestion: The intake of food into the body.

Digestion: The breakdown of food into simpler substances.

Absorption: The uptake of soluble substances produced during digestion by the tissues in the body.

Assimilation: The use of simple substances to build complex substances required by the body.

Egestion: The elimination of undigested food from the body.

Nutrition in Amoeba

Amoeba is a single-celled organism that obtains its nutrients by ingesting food particles.

The process of nutrition in Amoeba involves the formation of a food vacuole, digestion, absorption, and egestion.

Human Digestive System

The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and other organs such as the gall bladder, pancreas, and liver.

The digestive system breaks down food into simpler substances that can be absorbed and used by the body.

Types of Teeth

There are four different types of teeth:

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

Each type of tooth has a specific function, such as biting, tearing, or grinding food.

Digestion in Humans

Digestion starts in the mouth, where food is mixed with saliva that contains digestive enzymes.

The food then passes through the esophagus into the stomach, where it is mixed with digestive juices that break down proteins.

Further digestion takes place in the small intestine, where enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver are released.

Absorption and Assimilation

The nutrients absorbed in the blood are transported to the rest of the body.

The final product of carbohydrate digestion, glucose, is broken down into carbon dioxide and water in the cells to release energy.

Amino acids are used for repairing worn-out cells and tissues.

Egestion

The undigested food is eliminated from the body through the anus.

The large intestine absorbs water and minerals, and the remaining waste is stored in the rectum until it is eliminated.

Nutrition in Ruminants

Ruminants are animals that have a four-chambered stomach and digest plant-based foods.

The digestive system of ruminants involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion.

Ruminants have a unique digestive system that allows them to break down and extract nutrients from plant-based foods.

Nutrition in plants

 Nutrition in Plants

Definition: Nutrition is the process by which plants take in and use food to sustain their growth and development.

Types of Nutrition: There are two main types of nutrition in plants - Autotrophic and Heterotrophic.

Autotrophic Nutrition

Definition: Autotrophic nutrition is the

process by which plants make their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

Process: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food.

Equation: Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen (in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll)

Importance: Autotrophic nutrition is essential for plant growth and development.

Photosynthesis

Definition: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Conditions necessary for photosynthesis:

Light

Chlorophyll

Carbon dioxide

Water

Role of chlorophyll: Chlorophyll is a green pigment that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

Definition: Heterotrophic nutrition is the process by which plants obtain their nutrients by depending on other organisms.

Types of heterotrophic plants:

Parasitic plants

Saprophytic plants

Insectivorous plants

Symbiotic plants

Parasitic Plants

Definition: Parasitic plants are plants that obtain their nutrients by depending on other plants.

Examples: Cuscuta (dodder), mistletoe

Characteristics: Parasitic plants have special roots that penetrate into the tissues of the host plant.

Saprophytic Plants

Definition: Saprophytic plants are plants that obtain their nutrients from dead and decaying plant and animal matter.

Examples: Indian pipe, coral root

Characteristics: Saprophytic plants have fungi that convert dead and decaying matter into nutrients.

Insectivorous Plants

Definition: Insectivorous plants are plants that obtain their nutrients by trapping and consuming insects.

Examples: Venus flytrap, pitcher plant, sundew

Characteristics: Insectivorous plants have modified leaves that trap and digest insects.

Symbiotic Plants

Definition: Symbiotic plants are plants

that live in association with other organisms and share food and other resources.

Examples: Lichens (symbiotic association between fungi and algae)

Characteristics: Symbiotic plants mutually benefit from each other.

Replenishment of Nutrients in the Soil

Importance: Plants use mineral nutrients from the soil for their growth, leading to depletion of nutrients.

Methods: Manures and fertilizers are used to replenish nutrients in the soil.

Symbiotic association: Rhizobium and leguminous plants have a symbiotic association that replenishes nitrogen in the soil.