Nutrition in Animal.

 Nutrition in Animals

Definition: Nutrition is the process by which animals take in and use food to sustain their growth and development.

Types of Nutrition: There are different types of nutrition in animals, including holozoic nutrition, parasitic nutrition, and saprophytic nutrition.

Process of Nutrition

The process of nutrition in animals involves five stages: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

Ingestion: The intake of food into the body.

Digestion: The breakdown of food into simpler substances.

Absorption: The uptake of soluble substances produced during digestion by the tissues in the body.

Assimilation: The use of simple substances to build complex substances required by the body.

Egestion: The elimination of undigested food from the body.

Nutrition in Amoeba

Amoeba is a single-celled organism that obtains its nutrients by ingesting food particles.

The process of nutrition in Amoeba involves the formation of a food vacuole, digestion, absorption, and egestion.

Human Digestive System

The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and other organs such as the gall bladder, pancreas, and liver.

The digestive system breaks down food into simpler substances that can be absorbed and used by the body.

Types of Teeth

There are four different types of teeth:

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

Each type of tooth has a specific function, such as biting, tearing, or grinding food.

Digestion in Humans

Digestion starts in the mouth, where food is mixed with saliva that contains digestive enzymes.

The food then passes through the esophagus into the stomach, where it is mixed with digestive juices that break down proteins.

Further digestion takes place in the small intestine, where enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver are released.

Absorption and Assimilation

The nutrients absorbed in the blood are transported to the rest of the body.

The final product of carbohydrate digestion, glucose, is broken down into carbon dioxide and water in the cells to release energy.

Amino acids are used for repairing worn-out cells and tissues.

Egestion

The undigested food is eliminated from the body through the anus.

The large intestine absorbs water and minerals, and the remaining waste is stored in the rectum until it is eliminated.

Nutrition in Ruminants

Ruminants are animals that have a four-chambered stomach and digest plant-based foods.

The digestive system of ruminants involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion.

Ruminants have a unique digestive system that allows them to break down and extract nutrients from plant-based foods.

Nutrition in plants

 Nutrition in Plants

Definition: Nutrition is the process by which plants take in and use food to sustain their growth and development.

Types of Nutrition: There are two main types of nutrition in plants - Autotrophic and Heterotrophic.

Autotrophic Nutrition

Definition: Autotrophic nutrition is the

process by which plants make their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

Process: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food.

Equation: Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen (in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll)

Importance: Autotrophic nutrition is essential for plant growth and development.

Photosynthesis

Definition: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Conditions necessary for photosynthesis:

Light

Chlorophyll

Carbon dioxide

Water

Role of chlorophyll: Chlorophyll is a green pigment that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

Definition: Heterotrophic nutrition is the process by which plants obtain their nutrients by depending on other organisms.

Types of heterotrophic plants:

Parasitic plants

Saprophytic plants

Insectivorous plants

Symbiotic plants

Parasitic Plants

Definition: Parasitic plants are plants that obtain their nutrients by depending on other plants.

Examples: Cuscuta (dodder), mistletoe

Characteristics: Parasitic plants have special roots that penetrate into the tissues of the host plant.

Saprophytic Plants

Definition: Saprophytic plants are plants that obtain their nutrients from dead and decaying plant and animal matter.

Examples: Indian pipe, coral root

Characteristics: Saprophytic plants have fungi that convert dead and decaying matter into nutrients.

Insectivorous Plants

Definition: Insectivorous plants are plants that obtain their nutrients by trapping and consuming insects.

Examples: Venus flytrap, pitcher plant, sundew

Characteristics: Insectivorous plants have modified leaves that trap and digest insects.

Symbiotic Plants

Definition: Symbiotic plants are plants

that live in association with other organisms and share food and other resources.

Examples: Lichens (symbiotic association between fungi and algae)

Characteristics: Symbiotic plants mutually benefit from each other.

Replenishment of Nutrients in the Soil

Importance: Plants use mineral nutrients from the soil for their growth, leading to depletion of nutrients.

Methods: Manures and fertilizers are used to replenish nutrients in the soil.

Symbiotic association: Rhizobium and leguminous plants have a symbiotic association that replenishes nitrogen in the soil.

Acid, base and salt

 Acids

Definition: Substances containing an acid (from Latin "acere" meaning sour)

Types: Mineral acids and organic acids

Mineral Acids

Examples: 

Hydrochloric acid (HCI),

sulphuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3)

Uses: Laboratory, industrial applications

Properties: Strong, corrosive, and highly reactive towards metals

Organic Acids

Examples: Tartaric acid (grapes), acetic

acid (vinegar), formic acid (sting of ants and bees), malic acid (apples), citric acid (lemons and oranges), lactic acid (milk)

Properties: Weak, naturally occurring in animal and plant materials

Strong and Weak Acids

Strong acids: Highly corrosive, mineral

acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, and nitric acid)

Weak acids: Less destructive, mostly organic acids (e.g., acetic acid)

Properties of Acids

Sour taste

Corrosive nature

Soluble in water

Can be dilute or concentrated

Uses of Acids

Hydrochloric acid (HCI):

Used in industries for heating applications

Cleaning sinks and sanitary ware

Sulphuric acid (H2SO4):

Used in car batteries

Manufacture of paints, drugs, dyes, and fertilizers

Nitric acid (HNO3):

Used by goldsmiths for cleaning gold and silver ornaments

Production of fertilizers

Acetic acid (CH3COOH):

Main ingredient of vinegar

Enhances flavor of food and acts as a preservative in pickles

Used as a cleansing agent

Acidic Environment and Microorganisms

Most microorganisms cannot live in an acidic environment.

Acidic environment can slow down or kill microorganisms.

This is why vinegar is used in many packaged food items like pickles, sauce, and ketchups.

Acid Rain

Acid rain is a major effect of air pollution.

Pollutants like sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen react with atmospheric water and oxygen to form sulphuric acid and nitric acid.

Acid rain can damage plant and animal life, buildings, and monuments.

True or False Statements

1. Acids can be stored in metal containers: False (Acids are corrosive and can react with metals.)

2. Mineral acids are present in animal and plant materials: False (Mineral acids are produced from chemical substances, whereas organic acids are present in animal and plant materials.)

3. A dilute acid has more amount of water than a concentrated acid: True

4. Sulphuric acid is used for cleaning sinks and sanitary ware: False (Hydrochloric acid is used for cleaning sinks and sanitary ware.)

5. Nitric acid is used by goldsmiths for cleaning gold and silver ornaments: True

6. Hydrochloric acid is used to enhance the flavor of food and as a preservative in pickles: False (Acetic acid is used to enhance the flavor of food and as a preservative in pickles.)

Fill in the Blanks

1. Acids are sour to taste.

2. Apples contain malic acid, whereas spinach has oxalic acid.

3. Strong acids are highly corrosive.

4. Organic acids are weak acids.

5. Carbonic acid is present in fizzy drinks and soda water.

Bases

Definition: Substances containing a base are called basic substances.

Examples: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)

Properties: Bitter taste, slippery feel, may or may not be soluble in water

Strong and Weak Bases

Strong bases: Highly corrosive, can burn skin (e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide)

Weak bases: Less corrosive (e.g., copper hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide)

Uses of Bases

Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime):

Neutralizes acidity in soils

Used in whitewash and mortar

Used in Bordeaux mixture for protecting crops

Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia):

Used as an antacid or laxative

Corrects excess acidity in the stomach

Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda):

Used in manufacture of paper and textiles

Used to unblock drains

Used in manufacture of soaps and detergents

Indicators

Definition: Substances that show a

change in color when brought in contact with acids and bases.

Examples: Litmus, phenolphthalein,

methyl orange

Types: Natural indicators (e.g., turmeric, red cabbage), universal indicators (e.g pH paper)

pH and Universal Indicators

pH: A measure of the strength of an acid or base, ranging from 1 to 14.

Universal indicator: A mixture of indicators that gives a different color for different pH values.

pH paper: A paper soaked in universal indicator solution.

A. Fill in the blanks

1. Strong acids are highly corrosive and can cause severe burns.

2. Bases are slippery to touch.

3. Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of paints, dyes, and drugs.

4. Sodium hydroxide is used to unblock drains.

5. Blue litmus changes to red in acids.

B. Choose the correct option

1. d. Sulphuric acid is called the "King of chemicals".

2. c. Acetic acid is present in vinegar.

3. a. Carbonic acid is a weak mineral acid.

4. b. Calamine lotion is used to neutralize bee stings.

5. c. Sugar cannot be used as an indicator.

6. d. Both Potash alum and Silver nitrate are salts.

7. b. Hydrochloric acid is used to remove deposits from the inside of boilers.

8. c. KOH is a strong base.

9. d. pH = 13 represents a strong alkali.

10. a. High melting point is a characteristic property of most salts.

Matching

1. CH3COOH - c. Acetic acid

2. AgNO3 a. Silver nitrate

3. NH4NO3 d. Ammonium nitrate

4. Ca(OH)2 - e. Calcium hydroxide

5. CaCO3 b. Calcium carbonate

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Alkalis

2. Indicator

3. pH paper

4. Neutral salt

5. Hydrated salts

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Properties of acids: Sour taste, corrosive nature

Properties of bases:

 Bitter taste, slippery feel

2. Acids or bases are added to soil to adjust its pH for optimal plant growth.

3. Neutralization reaction: A reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water. Example: HCI + NaOH NaCl + H2O

4. A hydrated salt can be converted into an anhydrous salt by heating it to remove the water of crystallization. Example: CuSO4.5H20 CuSO4 + 5H2O ←

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Natural indicators can be prepared from plant materials like flowers, roots, stems, and leaves. 

Examples:

Flower: Rose petals

Root: Beetroot

Stem: Turmeric

Leaf: Red cabbage

Red cabbage juice shows different colors in acidic, neutral, and basic mediums: deep red in acidic, purple in neutral, and green/yellow in basic.

2. a. Vinegar is used in packaged food items as a preservative.

b. Slaked lime is added to factory waste to neutralize acidic substances.

c. Magnesium hydroxide is used as an antacid to neutralize excess acid in the stomach.

d. Strong acids and bases should be handled carefully because they can cause severe burns and damage.

3. Water of crystallization: Water molecules present in the crystal structure of a salt. Example: CuSO4-5H2O (copper sulfate pentahydrate

Let's Observe

1. a. Food items: Not specified

b. Process: Not specified

c. Chemical used: Not specified

2. Acidic solution: Turns blue litmus

paper red

Basic solution: Turns red litmus paper blue

Let's Apply

1. Pickles and sauces are not packaged in metal containers because the preservative used (acidic substance) can react with the metal.

2. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach does not corrode the stomach lining because it is highly concentrated and the stomach lining has a protective mechanism.)

Let's Analyse and Evaluate

1. The sanitary ware cleaner likely contained an acidic substance that reacted with the marble flooring, causing discoloration.

2. The cleaner does not spoil sinks and sanitary ware because they are made of materials that can withstand acidic substances, but marble is more sensitive to acidic reactions.