The best Christmas present in the world summary

 The Best Christmas Present in the World" by Michael Morpurgo is a heartwarming story about the power of hope, peace, and human connection, even in the midst of war.

During World War I, British soldier Jim Macpherson writes a letter to his wife Connie on Christmas Eve, describing a remarkable event. On Christmas Day, Jim's battalion faces off against German soldiers, but instead of fighting, they call out "Merry Christmas" and come together to celebrate. They play an impromptu game of football, share food and drinks, and sing carols together.

In this moment of peace, Jim befriends a German soldier named Hans Wolf, and they discuss their lives, families, and shared love of literature. The letter is a testament to the humanity and kindness that can exist even in the midst of war.

Years later, a narrator discovers Jim's letter and decides to deliver it to Connie, now 101 years old and living in a nursing home. When he hands her the letter, Connie's eyes light up, and she mistakes the narrator for her husband Jim. She's overjoyed, and the letter brings back happy memories of their time together.

Chapter 1:Crop production and management.

 Introduction

Crops are plants that are grown and harvested for food, fiber, or other products.

Crop production involves preparing the soil, sowing seeds, providing nutrients, controlling pests and diseases, and harvesting.

Soil Preparation

1. Ploughing: Breaking up the soil to loosen it and remove weeds.

2.Levelling: Smoothing out the soil surface to ensure even water distribution.

3. Manuring: Adding organic matter to improve soil fertility.

Sowing Seeds

1. Seed selection: Choosing good quality

seeds that are suitable for the climate and soil.

2. Sowing depth: Sowing seeds at the correct depth to ensure proper germination.

3. Seed spacing: Planting seeds at the

correct distance to ensure proper growth.

Crop Management

1. Irrigation: Providing water to crops

through various methods like sprinklers, drip irrigation, or flood irrigation.

2. Fertilizers: Adding nutrients to the soil to promote healthy plant growth.

3. Pest control: Protecting crops from

pests and diseases using various methods like pesticides, biological control, or cultural control.

Harvesting and Storage

1. Harvesting: Cutting and gathering crops when they are mature.

2. Storage: Storing harvested crops in a dry, cool place to maintain their quality.

Types of Crops

1. Kharif crops: Crops grown during the monsoon season, such as rice, maize, and cotton.

2. Rabi crops: Crops grown during the

winter season, such as wheat, barley, and mustard.

Conclusion

Crop production and management involve various steps to ensure a healthy and productive crop. Understanding these steps is essential for farmers and agricultural professionals.

Chemical effect of electric current.

 

Introduction

Electric current can cause chemical changes in certain substances.

These chemical changes can be used for various applications.

Electrolysis

1. Definition: Electrolysis is the process

of using electric current to cause a chemical change in a substance.

2. Examples: Electrolysis of water, electroplating, and extraction of metals.

Electroplating

1. Definition: Electroplating is the process of depositing a thin layer of a material on an object using electrolysis.

2. Applications: Electroplating is used to protect metals from corrosion, improve appearance, and enhance durability. 

Chemical Effects of Electric Current

1. Decomposition: Electric current can cause decomposition of certain substances.

2. Chemical reactions: Electric current can initiate chemical reactions, leading to the formation of new substances.

Applications

1. Electroplating: Used for decorative and protective purposes.

2. Purification of metals: Used to purify metals like copper and zinc.

3. Extraction of metals: Used to extract metals like aluminum and sodium.

Conclusion

Electric current can cause significant chemical changes in substances, and understanding these effects is crucial for various applications. 

Understanding the constitution :class 8 chapter 1 political science

 1. Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?

A democratic country needs a Constitution to establish rules and limits for the government, protect citizens' rights, and ensure fairness and justice.

2. What is the difference in who exercises Executive Power in the above two Constitutions of Nepal?

In the 1990 Constitution, executive power was vested in the King and the Council of Ministers. In the 2015 Constitution, executive power is vested only in the Council of Ministers, indicating a shift towards a more democratic system.

3. What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?

If there were no restrictions, elected representatives might misuse their power, become tyrannical, and disregard citizen4. Identify the minority and importance of respecting their views:

4. Identify the minority and importance of respecting their views:

(a) Minority: Female teachers. Respecting their views promotes gender equality.

(b) Minority: Buddhists. Respecting their views ensures religious tolerance.

(c) Minority: Non-vegetarians. Respecting their views accommodates dietary diversity.

(d) Minority: Students from less well-off families. Respecting their views promotes social equality.

5. Significance of key features:

Federalism: Allows power sharing

between central and state governments, promoting regional autonomy.

Separation of Powers: Prevents

concentration of power, ensuring checks and balances.

Fundamental Rights: Protects citizens' basic rights and freedoms.

Parliamentary Form of Government:

Ensures accountability of the government to elected representatives.

6. Indian States sharing borders with neighbouring nations:

(a) Bangladesh: West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram

(b) Bhutan: West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim

(c) Nepal: Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim

Chapter 12 :Friction

 

Friction

Introduction

Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.

Friction helps us to walk, hold objects, and stop vehicles.

Types of Friction

1. Static friction: Friction that acts on objects that are not moving.

2. Kinetic friction: Friction that acts on objects that are moving.

3. Rolling friction: Friction that acts on objects that are rolling.

Causes of Friction

1. Surface roughness: Friction is caused by the roughness of surfaces in contact.

2. Interlocking of surfaces: Friction is also caused by the interlocking of surface irregularities. 

Effects of Friction

1. Heat generation: Friction generates heat, which can be useful or harmful.

2. Wear and tear: Friction causes wear and tear of surfaces, leading to damage.

Reducing Friction

1. Lubricants: Using lubricants like oil or grease to reduce friction.

2. Smoothening surfaces: Making surfaces smooth to reduce friction.

3. Using wheels or rollers: Using wheels or rollers to reduce friction.

Conclusion

Friction is an essential force that affects our daily lives. Understanding friction and its effects can help us to reduce it and make o ur lives easier.

Explanation of experiments and questions of ncert class 8 chapter 11 Force and pressure.

 Force

Questions 1-2: Push and Pull

1. Give two examples each of situations where you push or pull to change the state of motion of objects.

Push: Closing a drawer, moving a wooden box.

Pull: Drawing water from a well, a horse pulling a cart.

2. Give two examples where applied force causes a change in shape.

Applying force on a rubber band to stretch it.

Applying force on clay to change its shape.

Forces and Their Types

Question 3: Fill in the Blanks

To draw water from a well, we have to pull at the rope.

A charged body attracts an uncharged body towards it.

To move a loaded trolley, we have to push it.

The north pole of a magnet repels the north pole of another magnet.Force and Motion

Question 4: Archer Stretching Bow

To stretch the bow, the archer applies a force that causes a change in its shape.

The force applied by the archer is an example of muscular force.

The type of force responsible for the change in motion of the arrow is a contact force.

Forces acting on the arrow are due to gravity and friction of air.

Experiments

Experiment 1: Ball on a Level Surface

When a ball is pushed gently on a level surface, it begins to move.

When pushed again while moving, its speed increases.

When palm is placed in front of the moving ball, its speed decreases.

Experiment 2: Ball and Ruler

When a ruler is placed in the path of a moving ball, the ball changes direction after striking the ruler.

This shows that force can chang

Experiment 3: Magnetism

When unlike poles of two magnets are brought near each other, they attract.

When like poles are brought near each other, they repel.

This shows that magnetic force is a type of non-contact force.

Experiment 4:

Electrostatic Force

When a straw is rubbed with paper, it attracts another straw.

If both straws are rubbed with paper, they repel each other.

This shows that electrostatic force can act between charged bodies.

Pressure

Experiment 5:

Pressure Exerted by Liquids

When water is poured into a bottle with holes at the same height, water streams out at the same distance.

This shows that liquids exert equal p

Experiment 6: Atmospheric Pressure

When a rubber sucker is pressed on a smooth surface, it sticks due to atmospheric pressure.

To pull the sucker off, a large force is required to overcome atmospheric pressure 1.ressure at the same depth.e the direction of motion.

Force and pressure (NCERT class 8)

 Introduction

Force is a push or pull that can change an object's state of motion or shape. It's a fundamental concept in physics that helps us understand how objects interact with each other.

Types of Forces:

There are two types of force 

1) contact force 

2)Non contact force 

A) contact force has two types 

a) Muscular force

b) Frictional force 

B) Non contact force has  types 

a) Magnetic force

b) Electrostatic force 

C) Gravitational force 

• Muscular Force: The force exerted by

our muscles, like when we lift or move objects.

• Frictional Force: The force that opposes

motion between two surfaces in contact, like when we try to slide a box on the floor.

• Magnetic Force: The force exerted by

magnets, which can attract or repel other magnets or magnetic materials.

• Electrostatic Force: The force exerted

by charged particles, like when we rub a balloon against our hair and it sticks to the wall.

• Gravitational Force: The force that pulls

objects towards each other, like the Earth's gravity pulling us towards its center.

Pressure

Pressure is the force acting per unit area on an object's surface. It's calculated by dividing the force by the area on which it acts. Pressure can be exerted by solids, liquids, and gases.

• Liquid Pressure: Liquids exert pressure

on the walls of their container and increase with depth.

•

Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure

exerted by the air around us, which is essential for our survival.

Key Concepts

• Force: A push or pull that can change an object's motion or shape.

• Pressure: The force acting per unit area on an object's surface.

•

Friction: The force opposing motion between two surfaces in contact.

•

Gravity: The force pulling objects towards each other.

Important Formulas

• Pressure = Force / Area: The formula to

calculate pressure.

• Force = Mass x Acceleration: The formula to calculate force