Chapter 3 :(Chemistry for beginners) what is molecule, structure of molecule, types of chemical bond and chemical bonding

 In previous chapter we have learned about atom, it's structure, atomic number and mass numbers, now it's our tern to learn about molecules and chemical bonding.

Molecule:

Molecules are group of two or more than atoms that are chemically bonded together.

Structure of molecule :

A molecule consists of two most important things :

1)Atom:

The building block of molecule. 

2)chemical bonds:

The force that hold atoms together in a molecule. 

           For understanding this we can think of an example, which we have done in our life childhood for many times that is sticking two pages together with the help of glue. 

       Here, we can consider the two pages as atoms and glue as chemical bond. 

Types of chemical bonds:

1)covalent bond:

Bond formed when atoms share one or more pair of electrons. 

Note= covalent bonds are typically formed between two non-metal, when they share one or more pair of electron. 

 

Ex. :  H+H =H2

2)Ionic bond :

Bonds formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions with opposite charges. 

Ex:  Na+  + Cl-  =NaCl

Note : 1) ionic Bonds are stronger than covalent bond. 

2)ionic Bonds are formed between metal and non - metal. 

3)Hydrogen bonds :

Weak bond formed between atoms with hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom. 

Chemical bonding :

Chemical bonding occurs when atoms interact with each other to form a more stable arrangement of electrons. 

Why atoms formed bond :

1)achieve a full outer energy level :

Atoms tends to gain, lose or share electrons to achieve a full outer energy level. 

2)Reduce energy :

Bond formation often result in a lower energy state for the atoms involved. 

Factors affecting chemical bonding :

There are several factors that affects chemical bonding :

1)electronegativity :

Ability of an atom to attract electrons. 

2) electron affinity :

The energy change when an electron is added to an atom. 

3) ionisation energy :

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom. 

Now, we have learned about what is chemistry, atoms and molecules it's structure, properties and chemical bonding and also cleared some basic concept. If you have problems regarding these, you can write it down in the comments, I will try to solve your queries as soon as possible. 

Chapter 2:what is atom, structure of atom, atomic number and atomic mass.

 We have already read about, what is chemistry, it's basic and applications.

Let's dive in to the world of atom and molecules & understand how things things are made and how they work. 

Atom:

Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are smallest units of a chemical element that retain the properties of that element. 

For example : we can understand it from a house, where a house is made up of bricks, here we can consider bricks as atom. 

Structure of atom :

A atom consists of three main parts :

1)protons :

Positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus (center) of atom. 

2) Neutron :

Particles with no charge that reside in the nucleus along with protons. 

3) electron :

Negatively charge particles that orbit around the nucleus.

Atomic number and atomic mass :

If you are new in the world of chemistry or you don't have much knowledge about it, then whenever you hear these words like atomic number and atomic mass, they would confuse you, but after reading this, you will never get confused. 

1) atomic number :

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which determines the element of an atom. 

Note= no. Of protons is equal to no. Of electron in an atom. 

Now you should ask a question ⁉️ if number of protons are equal to number of electron in an atom then why we use only protons to determine the atomic number :

                     So, we use protons because it is a unique, stable, and unchanging properties that defines the element's characteristics, while electrons can change, they can be removed and add through various processes. 

{Atomic number =number of protons.}

Atomic mass:

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. 

{mass number = number of protons +number of neutrons} 

Chapter 1: What is chemistry? Let's know about chemistry from beginning.

 Chemistry is a subject which is very difficult for the people, who are from non-science background.

But it's not too difficult to understand. Only we have to understand it from basics & we would be able to inter the fascinating world of chemistry. 

What is chemistry :

Chemistry is the study of building blocks of matter, scientific studies of composition, properties, and reactions of matters. 

It involves the analysis of structures and behaviour of atoms, molecules, and ions, which are the fundamental units of matter. 

Chemistry is a vast and interdisciplinary field that drows from physics, biology, mathematics and other sciences. 

Basic concepts in chemistry :

To understand chemistry, its essential to know some basic concepts and terms :

1)Atom:

It is the smallest unit of matter, consisting proton, neutrons in nucleus and electron revolve around it. 

2)Molecule :

Group of atoms bonded together, forming the basis of all matters. 

We can understand it with a picture puzzle, where small peace come together to form a whole picture 

3)Elements :

Elements are those substances which consist only one type of elements, such as oxygen (o), hydrogen (H) 

We can understand it in a way that:

"Think of a roti. Every part of a roti is made up of wheat flour. You can't find any other type of flour, like rice flour or corn flour, in a traditional wheat roti. Similarly, elements are substances that are made up of only one type of atom. Just like how a roti is purely made of wheat flour, an element is purely made up of one type of atom, like oxygen or hydrogen."

4)compounds :

Substances formed by chemical bounding of two or more elements :

We can understand it in a way that :

Think of tea as a compound. It's made up of sugar, milk, ginger, and tea leaves, which come together in a certain way to create a unique flavor and aroma. Just like tea, compounds have properties that are distinct from those of their individual component elements."

5) chemical reaction :

Process in which atoms and molecules interact, resulting in the formation of new substances. 

For example hydrogen and oxygen react together to form water, so the water which is form is a compound but the process in which this product form is known as chemical reaction. 

Why chemistry is important :

Chemistry is essential for understanding the world around us and addressing many of the challenges we face. 

1) improving Healthcare :

Chemistry plays a crucial role in the development of medicines, vaccines and diagnosis tools. 

2) addressing environmental issues :

Chemistry helps us to understand and mitigate the impact of human activities on the environment, such as climate change and pollution. 

3) Developing new technology :

Chemistry is the key to the development of new materials, energy sources and technologies, such as solar cells, batteries and nanomaterials. 

 Applications of Chemistry :

Chemistry has numerous applications in various fields like, pharmaceutical, material sciences, energy, environment, food and agriculture etc. 

Conclusion :

Chemistry is a fascinating and essential science that underpins many aspects of our daily lives. From understanding the building blocks of matter to developing new technologies and addressing environmental challenges, chemistry plays a vital role in shaping our world. Whether you are a student, researcher, or simply curious about the world around you, chemistry is an exciting and rewarding field to explore. 

Is immorality possible? Let's take a deep dive and find out.

 From the beginning of civilization to till now, people are very enthusiastic about one thing that is immortality, some people wanna know about it for the well being of humankind and some wanna know for their own,

But the question is same for both of them 

"is this possible" 

Here a general perception is that it seems like a myth, but here the science comes. 

There are fascinating scientific discoveries and species, like Turritopsis dohnil, that challenge our understanding of aging and morality.

The immortal jellyfish :

The immortal jellyfish also known as Turritopsis dohrnii, is a jellyfish that can transform its body into a younger state through a process called transdifferentiation. 

                                    This means that, it can essentially recert back it's polyp state, which is juvenile form of a jellyfish, and grow back into an adult again. 

This process can be repeated indefinitely, making the Turritopsis dohrnii theocratical immortal. 

Implications and possibilities :

A) Aging research :

Studying the immortal abilities can provide insights into aging process and potentially leads to new ways to combat age related diseases. 

B) Regenerative medicine :

The jellyfish's regenerative abilities could inspire new approaches to regenerative medicine and tissues engineering. 

C) environmental implications :

The Turritopsis dohrnii's immorality raises questions about it's ecological impact and potential consequences for the marine ecosystem. 

Conclusion :

The Turritopsis dohrnii is biologically immortal meaning it can live indefinitely without aging of natural causes. 

While the Turritopsis dohrnii is immortal, it's not invincible. It can die from injury disease, or other external factors. 

How fireflies & glowworms emits light "let's take a deep dive".

Glowworm

Fireflies 

 The curiosity :

When I was a child, I was always curious, when I see fireflies, I always think that, there is a torch & something like structure, which allow it to produce light. 

How to know :

I asked many people but didn't get the concreat answer, 

But after eternity later, I entract with Chemistry & know that, how actually things happen. 

The Cause :

Luciferin and the Bioluminescence molecule found in certain organisms such as fireflies and glowworms. It react with oxygen to produce light through a process called bioluminescence. 

How it works :

1) Luciferin reaction :

Luciferin react with oxygen, resulting in an excited state. 

2) light emission :

As the molecule returns to its ground state, it releases energy as light. 

3) Delayed emission:

The light emission can delayed by hours, allowing the organism to control the timing of the flash. 

Examples and applications :

1)fireflies :

Use bioluminescence to communicate and attract mates. 

2)glowworms :

Use bioluminescence to attract prey and defend territories. 

3)Biotechnology :

Luciferin and bioluminescence are being explored for application in biomedical research, environmental monitoring and more. 

Why we see dancing Droplets?

 What we see dancing Droplets

What is dancing Droplets : actually when we sprinkle water on a surface wich has very high temperature, then we see dancing Droplets... Let's find out about this

🛑 This phenomenon is also known as Leidenfrost effect. 

🛑When water droplets place on a surface which is significantly hotter than its boiling point, it creates a layer of vapor between the droplets and the surface. This vapor layer reduces the friction between the droplet and the surface, allowing the droplet to move around "dance" on the surface. 

 Dark  oxygen:A new frontier for life beyond earth. 

1) Introduction :

Dark oxygen is a recently discovered state of oxygen that exists at high pressure (above 1000times atp) and temperature (above 1000 degrees). It called "dark" because it does not emit or absorb light in the same way as regular oxygen (O2).

=> Dark oxygen exhibits several intriguing properties, including :

A) Different molecular properties :

It has a unique arrangement of atoms, differing from traditional O2 molecule.

B) Altered reactivity :

It react differently with other molecules, potentially participating in novel chemical processes. 

C) High energy state:

Dark oxygen is thought to exist in a high energy state making it potentially more reactive than regular oxygen. 

2)the potential for life :

The discovery of dark oxygen opens a new possibility for life beyond earth. 

A) High pressure life :

Dark oxygen's stability at extreme pressure could enable life thrive in environments like deep-sea vents, high pressure plants, or moon. 

B) High temperature life :

It's high energy state might support life in environments with temperature above 100 degrees such as hydrothermal vents or explanet surfaces. 

C) Anaerobic life :

It could potentially support life forms that does not require traditional oxygen such as anaerobic microorganisms. 

3)Conclusion :

Dark oxygen's discovery opens a new avenues for understanding life's possibilities, it's unique properties and potential as a biosignature make it an exciting area of research, expanding our new search for life beyond earth. As we explore dark oxygen, we may uncover new insights into life's adaptability and the universe's potential for supporting life. This ongoing journey of discovery has the potential to revolutionise our understanding of life's place in the Cosmos inspiring further exploration and inquiry.

                          Manisha kumari